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Project Leaders:
Lynn Braband, Carolyn Klass, Joyce Rodler, Jody Gangloff-Kaufmann
Cooperators:
School districts in New York State, Suffolk County Farm and Education
Center, selected Suffolk County (high risk) facilities, Pat Cozzarin
Pest Management
Type of grant:
Cultural methods; sanitation; physical controls
Project locations:
Albany Co., Livingston Co., Ontario Co. (yellowjacket trap trials only),
Rensselaer Co., Suffolk Co., Tompkins Co.
Abstract:
Stinging insects are considered to be high-priority pests in the urban
environment. There are many risks associated with stinging insects,
including the chance of having a severe allergic reaction to a sting,
and the potential to become exposed to pesticides. A proactive stinging
insect management program tailored for schools and similar settings
is proposed. This project focuses on demonstration of techniques and
education of the school buildings and grounds staff in non-toxic stinging
insect management.
Background and justification: Issues
surrounding the use of pesticides in schools have become increasingly
significant in the past few years. While the reduction of pesticide
use and potential exposure is often the most important goal, exposure
to pests should not be dismissed as a serious risk in schools. Stinging
insects are considered to be among the most serious of pests in the
school environment. Wasp stings can cause mild reactions in those who
are not allergic, however, approximately 40 deaths occur every year
in the U.S. due to severe reactions to yellowjacket stings. A recent
publication by the Maine Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Resources
(October 2000) cited stinging insects as the most important outdoor
pest inducing the highest percent of reaction (treatment) from schools.
It is more common for schools to treat stinging insect problems in a
reactive rather than proactive manner. In other words, stinging insects
are not usually controlled until a large nest or swarm is discovered
or an individual is stung. Therefore, conventional management for stinging
insects relies heavily on insecticides for quick results.
Recently, many local communities have
agreed to limit or eliminate the use of pesticides on school property
and all schools in New York State are encouraged to adopt "least-toxic"
pest management strategies due to the recent School Pesticide Notification
law. In addition, changes in pesticide applicator certification rules
by the Department of Environmental Conservation make it more difficult
for school personnel to become certified for pesticide use. Furthermore,
county property pesticide phase-outs limit the ability to quickly control
stinging insects in high-risk public areas. These developments offer
an excellent opportunity for educational outreach to school facilities
staff on low-risk and pesticide-free stinging insect management and
for the demonstration of techniques that have been shown to work. Furthermore,
investigation of new or unproven tools and practices can be carried
out. Useful information can then be added to current management strategies
for stinging insects on school and county property.
In 2000, preliminary efforts of this
project were focused on the investigation of a proactive approach to
stinging insect management. An emphasis was placed on non-toxic approaches
with evaluation of reliability and practicality of the process in controlling
stinging insects. The work was conducted in several areas of New York
State in collaboration with five school districts and a county-owned
educational farm and prison. All four collaborators were able to engage
with facility personnel, locate suitable sites for trials, and gain
the skills necessary for safely managing stinging insects. In 2001,
the group continued and expanded the project to include more facilities
and piloted a yellowjacket trapping experiment.
Objectives:
- Demonstrate management of paper wasps,
hornets, and yellowjackets using low-risk techniques.
- Transfer information to school or
facility managers.
- Investigate new tools for problem
areas not easily managed.
- Evaluate results of the effort; verify
that the evaluation methods are good.
- Evaluate the relative cost of stinging
insect IPM.
Procedures:
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Demonstrate to school officials
and staff that stinging insects can be managed without the use of
synthetic insecticides. This will include early-season scouting
and nest removal, exclusion and discouragement techniques, and alternatives
to conventional insecticide use. These methods can be used by unlicensed
facility staff for wasp prevention and avoidance of pesticide use.
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During the course of the project,
facilities staff will be kept informed and asked to participate.
Information about the biology and ecology of different species of
wasps will be available. They will experience hands-on training
and will later benefit from workshop summaries of the project. Other
school districts, not involved in the project, will be trained in
workshops in stinging insect IPM. In the workshops, training will
go into greater detail of specific information about the major species
and their management.
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The group will investigate new
tools, such as baited traps and sticky traps, for problem areas
that are more prone to wasp infestation. This includes garbage bins,
dumpsters, wall voids and playgrounds. A variety of lures, both
food and visual, will be tested for high efficacy. Vacuuming will
also be tested as a means of eliminating wall or ground nesting
colonies of yellowjackets. A new plant-oil dust will be used against
wall-nesting yellowjackets and possibly ground nesting colonies,
and the efficacy will be assessed.
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In the evaluation phase, traps
used in areas with high yellowjacket activity will be collected
and the number of trapped wasps will be counted or estimated. This
will give an indication of efficacy of the work. Finally, the evaluation
phase will include such factors as the number of students and staff
stung, the reduction of stinging insect activity, the level of satisfaction
of facilities staff, and the ultimate cost.
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A relative estimate of the cost
of this program to a single school will be calculated based on labor,
supplies, and reduction of pesticides used. In addition, the number
of workshop participants will be documented.
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In the future, to measure the impact
of the educational effort, the level of school adoption will be
assessed by surveying facilities staff about their scouting frequency,
wasp nest sighting, and nest removals.
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Pilot experiments seeking to assess
the effectiveness of yellowjacket traps in reducing the risk of
being stung were conducted at two sites. One site was the NYS Agricultural
Experiment Station in Geneva, NY (Ontario Co.). The second site
was at the Gabreski Airport, Westhampton, NY (Suffolk Co.). At both
locations, two plots were established in open fields of grass or
hay. Each plot was 100 ft. by 100 ft.. Eight-foot tall (above the
ground) poles were installed at 20 ft. intervals along the periphery
of the plots. Three poles were also placed in the center of each
plot. Our objective was to test the assumption that trapping foraging
yellowjackets at the periphery will reduce yellowjacket numbers
in the center of the plots. Yellowjacket container traps were suspended
from the center poles in all plots. At each location (Ontario Co.
or Suffolk Co.), traps were installed on the peripheral poles of
one plot but not the second plot. Traps were maintained and captures
recorded for two weeks. The peripheral traps were then moved from
the first plot to the second for the next two-week period. This
pattern of alternating plots with the peripheral traps continued
through the study period (late summer through October).
Results and discussion:
Diagnostics:Species identification was done largely by Carolyn Klass and Jody Gangloff-Kaufmann.
The most common stinging insects encountered were Polistes dominulus,
Vespula germanica, Vespula maculifrons, and Dolichovespula maculata.
Other species identified were Polistes fuscatus, Vespula vidua, Vespula
aerania, Vespula flavipilosa, andVespa crabro.
Inspections: The purposes of
the inspections were to find and remove stinging insect nests and to
identify sites for exclusion or sanitation. The frquency of the inspections
varied depending on the site. Inspections of most locations were done
monthly.
At three of the school sites, comparisons
were made based on the frequency of inspections : weekly (Livingston
Co.), semi-monthly (Albany Co.), and monthly (Rensselaer Co.). These
inspections began in May and were conducted through October. In terms
of maintaining control of paper wasps and locating yellowjacket nests,
the semi-monthly inspections performed as well as the weekly inspections
and better than the monthly inspections. This was consistent with last
year’s results.
At these same three locations, "managed"
schools were compared to "unmanged" schools. As the season
progressed, "managed" schools had fewer (if any) nests compared
to "unmanged" schools. This also was consistent with last
year’s project.
Nest removal (Paper wasps):
Most paper wasp (largely Polistes dominulus) nests were successfully
removed by physical means such as a water spray or knocking down with
a pole. By mid-summer, the building of new nests on the managed sites
had largely ceased. Thus, the managed sites usually lacked large late-season
paper wasp nests especially when compared to unmanaged sites. Some hidden
nests (as in the hollow supports of playground equipment) did escape
notice until later in the season.
Larger paper wasp nests or nests in hard
to reach places were sprayed with insecticides containing mint oil or
eugenol. At one location, a dust formulation of the eugenol product
was applied to possible nest sites. This application appeared to successfully
function as a repellent to prevent nest building.
Nest removal (Yellowjackets): Included
in this discussion are Vespula spp. and Dolichovespula maculata.
Compared to paper wasp nests, yellowjacket nests tended to be more difficult
to locate. This was especially true of nests in enclosed spaces such
as wall voids and in the ground. Frequently, the nests were not noticed
until the colonies were large with a regular stream of workers entering
and leaving the nest.
Both the size and location of the nest
impacted the ease of removal. Several techniques (including vacumming,
digging, enclosing within a container, and mint oil or eugenol insecticides)
were utilized. Often a combination of techniques was needed. Yellowjacket
removal by these means tended to be labor intensive. More than one visit
or treatment was often required.
Nest removal (other species): Occasionally
the nests of other stinging insects were encountered. Mud dauber (Sphecidae)
nests were removed by physically knocking them down or with water sprays.
One bumble bee (Bombus sp.) nest was successfully treated with
an eugenol dust formulation.
In 2000, ground bees were apparently discouraged
at one location with the use of the mint oil insecticide.
Exclusion: Exclusion was extensively
used to reduce the number of nest sites on the managed properties. The
materials used were expanding insulating foam (applied with a "foam
gun"), caulk, and insect screening. Exclusion sites included playground
equipment, tennis courts, doorways, signs, and building cracks/gaps.
Exclusion was particularly effective in reducing paper wasp activity
around fences and other situations.
Sanitation: Dumpsters were particularly
attractive to foraging yellowjackets.Food-baited traps were not sufficient
to draw wasps away from the garbage. In Suffolk Co., we recommended
that the dumpsters be kept covered and regularly cleaned. This would
probably involve a significant time investment.
Last year, at one of the school sites,
nearby milkweed plants harbored aphids. The exuded honeydew then attracted
wasps. Milkweed (and aphid) numbers were reduced this year.
One of the project locations was a food
pantry. They were already practicing good sanitation and no yellowjacket
problems were reported.
Lids for open garbage receptacles were
recommended at one site. At other locations, reminders to empty full
trash containers were made.
Trapping (demonstrations of yellowjacket
container traps): Most commercial yellowjacket traps consist of
a container partially filled with a, usually, sweet liquid such as fruit
juice. The wasps are attracted to, and subsequently drown in, the liquid.
We utilized container traps at eight locations:
five schools, one restaurant, one fire training academy, and one county
farm. Most traps were Victor’s Yellow Jacket Traps. Safer Disposable
Yellow Jacket Traps were also used at one site. The number of traps
used per location ranged from two to 24.
Although a variety of stinging insects
were captured in the traps, the majority were yellowjackets especially
Vespula species. At two of the school sites (Albany Co. and Livingston
Co.), we counted all stinging insects captured. A total of 9884 stinging
insects were in the traps through the study. Yellowjackets comprised
98% of the catch. Paper wasps made up 1% of the total. Other species
caught included bumblebees, carpenter bees (Xylocopa virginica),
honey bees (Apis mellifera), and mud daubers. Last year, cicada
killers (Sphecius speciosus) were commonly caught at the Livingston
Co. site. None were captured this year.
Trap captures generally started to increase
in August. Captures usually peaked in late August or September. One
exception was the school site in Albany Co. which peaked during October.
Fruit juice and beer were the most attractive
baits that we used. At the location where both the Victor and Safer
traps were used, the Victor traps appeared to be more effective.
At the 3 Suffolk Co. school sites, exclusion
reduced the need for yellowjacket traps except for near the dumpsters.
However, the traps were apparently not as attractive as the garbage.
A literature search revealed the potential use of crushed conspecific
yellowjacket heads as an attractant. The stimulus is aggression (alarm
pheromones) rather than food and may have utility for trapping around
dumpsters.
Large numbers of yellowjackets can be
captured with baited container traps. What is still unclear is the effectiveness
of the traps in actually reducing the risk of being stung.
Trapping (demonstration of glueboard
yellowjacket traps): At the Suffolk County Farm location, attempts
were made to capture yellowjackets with glueboard traps. The traps were
installed on the underside of garbage container lids, over doorways,
and in a piece of playground equipment. Few wasps were captured. Most
captures were flies, earwigs, and other insects.
Trapping (yellowjacket trap trials):
We conducted a pilot experiment to see if trapping the perimeter of
a plot would reduce the number of yellowjackets within the plot. Evaluation
of the data is ongoing, but preliminary analysis points to fewer yellowjackets
caught in the center of plots with peripheral trapping compared to plots
without peripheral trapping.
However, we also had indications that
the traps may actually serve as an attractant and not merely intercept
yellowjackets as they fly by. If that is the case, trap use may be more
appropriate in areas (such as concession stands) that would normally
attract yellowjackets anyway. Trap use may not be appropriate in other
circumstances (such as playgrounds) with no significant wasp food sources.
We hope to build upon this pilot project
next year to get a better handle on these questions.
Biological control: We obtained
an experimental use permit through PESP and the DEC to use BioBlast,
a biological termiticide consisting of Metarhizium anisopliae,
on yellowjacket nests. An application was made on one nest with minimal
success due to application uncertainties and use at the end of the season.
We believe the technique is worth further systematic investigation.
Surveys: Employees at three Suffolk
Co. sites (Airport café, Fire Academy, and County Farm) were
surveyed concerning their perceptions of the stinging insect project
(see attached). The majority felt that the programs effectively reduced
stinging insects at their facilities. More felt that nest removal and
exclusion were effective than felt trapping was effective.
In the three school districts where "managed"
schools were paired with "unmanaged" schools, we asked the nurses at
each school to keep track of stinging insect incidents. The number of
stings reported ranged from zero to 12. No trend was apparent in comparing
the "managed" and "unmanaged" schools.
We also asked faculty and staff at the
"managed" and unmanaged" schools to fill out a survey form (attached)
concerning their perceptions of stinging insect problems and our demonstration
project. To date, we have received surveys back from two of the "managed"
schools. Of these respondents, 9 (36%) were aware of the demonstration
while 16 (64%) were unaware. In general, of those aware of the demonstration,
most felt it was effective in reducing the risk of being stung.
Educational outreach: On October
12, a half day workshop highlighting the stinging insect demonstration
was held at the Livingston Co. school site. Twenty-six school (from
16 districts) and BOCES personnel attended. The workshop included a
tour.
In Suffolk Co., Fire Academy occupants
received training on non-toxic and low toxic pest management in preparation
for the stinging insect project.
A poster paper on the project has been
accepted for presentation at the Fourth International Conference of
Urban Pests in Charleston, SC during July, 2002.
Presentations based on the project were
given to the NYS Pest Management Association in October and the NYS
Turfgrass Association in November. An article is being written for Turfgrass
Trends.
We also made presentations on the project
in several DEC-supported Non-Toxic Pest Management Workshops including
NY Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides workshops in Buffalo (March)
and Albany (April) and three workshops sponsored by Cayuga Co.. Additional
presentations were made to the NYS Wildlife Management Association,
the Ithaca Kiwanis Club, and CCE Master Gardeners.
Summary and conclusions: The most
common stinging insects at the locations we worked at were yellowjackets
(Vespula spp., Dolichovespula maculata ) and paper wasps
(Polistes spp. especially P. dominulus). Preventative
exclusion, sanitation, and removing nests when small were the best methods
for reducing wasp numbers at our study locations.
Semi-monthly inspections were sufficient
for maintaining control of paper wasps and locating yellowjacket nests.
Physical methods and low toxic sprays were effective in removing paper
wasp nests. The removal of yellowjacket nests was more difficult. Vacuums
and low toxic insecticides (especially dusts) were among the most promising
tools. Physical methods of removing yellowjacket nests were labor intensive.
Success may be enhanced by developing effective biocontrols.
Large numbers of stinging insects, especially
yellowjackets, can be captured in baited container traps. More work
needs to be done to ascertain if such trapping actually lowers the risk
of being stung.
References:
Example of Suffolk County survey (for
a printed copy of this report, contact Joyce
Rodler, jr247@cornell.edu)
Managed/unmanaged
schools survey form (57k MS Word document)
Photos (digital):
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